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Delta Isn’t Calling Austin a Hub—Yet

Paris, a crew base, and 15 future gates are positioning the airline for its next phase of expansion.

A Delta A320 in Austin
A Delta A320 in Austin (Photo: Shutterstock | lorenzatx)

American has Dallas/Fort Worth. United has Houston. Delta, meanwhile, has lacked a comparable hub in the south-central U.S. since scaling down its Dallas/Fort Worth fortress in early 2005 and concentrating more flying at more established hubs, including Atlanta.

Austin is beginning to fill part of that gap.

Delta is not ready to apply the “hub” label to the Texas capital just yet, but its expanding domestic network, new flight attendant base, first long-haul route, and commitment to 15 future gates are positioning the airline for its next phase of growth.

“I think it’s probably down the road,” Andrew Bouwman, Delta’s managing director of international network planning, told AirlineGeeks when asked about Austin’s potential hub status.

By summer 2027, Delta expects to operate more than 70 peak-day departures to approximately 30 destinations from Austin. The airline recently opened a permanent flight attendant base with more than 100 crew members and is slated to become the anchor tenant in Austin-Bergstrom’s redeveloped Concourse A.

Delta’s latest – and most consequential – step is Paris. Beginning March 27, 2027, the carrier will operate daily summer service to Charles de Gaulle using a 281-seat Airbus A330-900neo.

The flight will be Delta’s first long-haul route from Austin and its first nonstop link between Texas and Europe since 1995.

An Opening After American’s Retreat

Delta’s buildup comes after American reversed its own attempt to establish a focus-city-style operation in Austin.

American made two major expansion moves in 2021, including the addition of 14 domestic and international routes. At the time, American and its partners planned more than 100 peak-day flights from Austin.

The strategy did not last.

In late 2023, American moved to eliminate 21 routes from Austin, reversing much of the point-to-point growth it had added during the pandemic. Additional reductions followed, leaving the carrier’s domestic Austin operation focused largely on flights to its established hubs.

An American Airlines jet landing on runway 18R with the Austin skyline in the background. (Photo: AirlineGeeks | Mateen Kontoravdis)

American’s scheduled capacity in Austin fell 34% between 2022 and 2024, according to Cirium Diio data previously analyzed by AirlineGeeks. The carrier went from 76 peak-day departures in 2022 to 42 planned for May 2025.

Delta moved in the other direction, adding routes, increasing frequencies, and establishing a local crew base. The carrier recently surpassed American as the leading airline serving Austin’s corporate travel market, Bouwman said. Southwest remains the largest airline in Austin overall.

Delta has spent several years expanding its Austin network with flights tailored primarily to local corporate and leisure demand.

The carrier has added or expanded service to markets including Denver, Kansas City, Columbus, Miami, San Francisco, and Indianapolis. Many of those flights were added alongside the permanent flight attendant base.

“All the progress that we’ve made domestically is great,” Bouwman said in an interview Thursday. “But the question we keep getting asked is, ‘What about my business to India and my business to Africa and my business to Europe?’”

KLM, Delta’s transatlantic joint venture partner, already connects Austin with Amsterdam, although the route does not operate daily. Even with that service, Bouwman said the Delta-Air France-KLM joint venture ranks third in transatlantic market share from Austin.

“We feel like, given our growth in Austin, to be even more relevant, we need to have Europe, Middle East, and Africa on the map,” he said.

The local Austin-Paris market currently generates only about 60 passengers daily each way, or PDEWs, according to Bouwman.

Delta expects the nonstop flight to stimulate additional local demand, but 60 PDEWs alone would not support a daily aircraft with 281 seats.

India is a larger part of the calculation. Nearly 200 PDEWs travel between Austin and India, Bouwman said, driven partly by ties to the region’s technology industry.

When Europe, India, the Middle East, and Africa are combined, the addressable market approaches 1,500 PDEWs. Delta does not need to capture the entire market to fill the aircraft, but Paris gives it access to a much larger pool of traffic than the local city pair alone.

“It’ll be local to Paris, it’ll be beyond to India, and it’ll be then your smattering of Barcelonas, Madrids, Rome, etc.,” Bouwman said.

Connections into Air France’s India and Africa banks are particularly important to the route, he added.

Despite its growing domestic footprint, Delta is not building the Paris flight around passengers connecting through Austin.

Bouwman said the geography makes Austin an inefficient connecting point for travelers between Paris and much of the eastern U.S. Some West Coast connections could work, but Delta does not expect them to contribute significantly to the flight.

“We’re really doing this for the Austin O&D itself,” Bouwman said. “I’m not anticipating a significant number of passengers connecting over Austin onto the Paris flight.”

Delta is also not planning a broad retiming of its domestic schedule to feed the Paris departure.

The ‘H’ Word

Bouwman stopped short of calling Austin a future hub, but he compared the operation with the earlier stages of Delta’s build-up in Boston.

Boston is the most recent market Delta developed into a hub, although it had reached a larger scale before the airline began using that designation.

“I’d have to go back and look at exactly when we started using the [hub word] in terms of number of peak daily departures in Boston,” Bouwman said. “But I think it was a little bit more than where we’re at [in Austin].”

Austin’s current facilities are another factor.

Delta A321s in Austin, Texas.
Delta A321s in Austin. (Photo: Shutterstock | lorenzatx)

“Austin’s facility is bursting at the seams as it stands,” he added.

Bouwman said additional gates would be needed before Delta could reach its intended scale in Austin.

“It’ll take probably some more time,” he said. “Once we’ve got the gates and all that stuff [in place],” Delta can get where it wants to be.

More Premium Seats

The A330-900neo was not necessarily Delta’s preferred aircraft configuration for the Paris market.

“I would prefer a different cabin configuration than the current [A330neo],” Bouwman said. “It doesn’t have enough business class seats.”

Delta’s A330-900neo configuration includes 29 Delta One suites, 28 Premium Select seats, 56 Delta Comfort seats, and 168 economy seats.

Bouwman said the aircraft was what Delta could fit into its planned fleet rotations for 2027. Despite its size, the airline determined that the broader market available through Paris could support it.

Delta A330-900neo
A Delta Airbus A330-900 at Tokyo Haneda Airport in Japan. (Photo: Shutterstock | Markus Mainka)

“It’s a big airplane,” he said. “But the market from Europe and from India and Middle East-Africa – we’re talking about almost 1,500 PDEW. So we only need to get a portion of that in order to fill it up.”

Delta also chose daily service instead of a less-than-daily schedule to remain relevant to corporate travelers.

“We want to be daily because we want to be relevant for the corporate traveler, particularly in the shoulder periods,” Bouwman said, pointing to stronger corporate travel in April and May than during July and August.

The route will initially operate during the summer season, but Bouwman said the long-term goal is year-round service.

“If you’re talking about winning in the corporate [market], to not be there in the winter, that’s going to be a big challenge,” he said. “Eventually, I would like to get this market year-round.”

Asia Is On the List

Paris may not be Delta’s final long-haul addition from Austin.

The airline has also examined service to Seoul Incheon, one of Austin’s largest unserved international markets. Such a flight would connect two major technology centers and feed into Delta’s joint venture with Korean Air.

Aircraft availability, however, presents a more difficult hurdle.

Bouwman said an Austin-Seoul flight would require an Airbus A350 capable of operating the approximately 14- to 15-hour mission. Delta does not currently have an A350 available for Austin without taking it from another route.

A Delta A350-900XWB in Los Angeles. (Photo: AirlineGeeks | Ryan Ewing)

“I really don’t have any of those available without canceling something else to fund it,” he said.

Paris is easier to add because it does not require the same ultra-long-haul aircraft capability.

“Incheon is something, of course, we’re looking at as well,” Bouwman said. “But it’s just a little bit more expensive to make happen.”

A $5 Billion Airport Expansion

Delta’s ability to grow in Austin is tied closely to Austin-Bergstrom’s planned expansion.

The airport and its airline partners finalized agreements in January supporting a program now expected to cost more than $5 billion. Plans call for 32 additional gates through a new 26-gate Concourse B and a six-gate interim facility known as Concourse M.

Austin-Bergstrom will also redevelop the existing terminal into Concourse A and construct a new arrivals and departures hall with expanded ticketing, baggage claim, and security facilities.

Renderings of new Austin concourse, slated to open in the 2030s
Renderings of new Austin concourse, slated to open in the 2030s (Photo: City of Austin)

Delta will become the anchor tenant in Concourse A with 15 gates. American has been allocated nine gates, while Alaska will have one. Eight common-use gates in the concourse will be capable of handling both domestic and international flights.

Southwest will anchor Concourse B with 18 gates, while United will have five. Three gates will be available for domestic common use.

Delta also plans to open a second, larger Sky Club as part of the redevelopment.

Paris will serve as an early test of that next phase. If the route matures into year-round service, it could make additional international flying easier to justify.

“Europe is usually where we start with these types of focus cities,” Bouwman said. “Paris and the Air France connecting complex makes this relatively straightforward, and then we’ll kind of see down the road what we can make happen in other regions.”

Ryan Ewing

Ryan founded AirlineGeeks.com in February 2013 and has spent more than a decade covering the airline business. His work has been featured by CNN, WJLA, CNET, and Business Insider. His aviation experience spans airport operations, Part 135 regulatory compliance, and airline crew workforce planning, along with time behind the yoke of a Cessna 172 and interviews with airline executives. Ryan now serves as Group President of Firecrown Media’s Aviation Group. He holds a B.S. in Air Transportation Management and an MBA from Arizona State University and teaches Airline Management at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

O’Hare Reopens Two Renovated Gates

The overhaul is part of a broader, ongoing modernization project.

A corridor at Chicago O'Hare. (Photo: Chicago O'Hare International Airport)

Two gates reopened at Chicago O’Hare International Airport on Thursday as a sweeping, $300 million renovation of Terminal 3 continues.

Chicago Mayor Brandon Johnson, U.S. Senator Dick Durbin, and American Airlines executives were on hand as gates K1 and L2A reopened to the public. Both gates had their hold rooms expanded.

Four baggage claim stations also came back online Thursday.

The gate renovations were carried out as part of the broader ElevateT3 project. Besides the overhaul of K1 and L2A, the project will enlarge the passenger corridor between Concourse K and Concourse L, add approximately 10,000 square feet of space for amenities and concessions, and upgrade American’s Admirals Club location.

ElevateT3 is scheduled for completion in 2027, and Terminal 3 will remain open as work continues.

Zach Vasile

Zach Vasile is a writer and editor covering news in all aspects of commercial aviation. He has reported for and contributed to the Manchester Journal Inquirer, the Hartford Business Journal, the Charlotte Observer, and the Washington Examiner, with his area of focus being the intersection of business and government policy.

Delta’s Austin Build-Up Goes Long-Haul

The new service will mark the carrier’s return to the Texas-Europe market after more than three decades.

A Delta A330-900neo
A Delta A330-900neo. (Photo: Shutterstock | Joe A. Kunzler)

Delta is adding its first long-haul route from Austin, Texas, as the carrier continues to build its presence in the city, marking its return to nonstop service between Texas and Europe after more than three decades.

Beginning March 27, 2027, Delta will operate daily summer-seasonal flights between Austin and Paris-Charles de Gaulle. The route will be operated by an Airbus A330-900neo aircraft. 

The carrier announced the new service on Thursday.

Tickets for the new service will go on sale Saturday. The eastbound flight will depart Austin at 3:15 p.m. and arrive in Paris at 8:15 a.m. the following day. The return flight will leave Paris at 10:10 a.m. and arrive in Austin at 2:20 p.m. the same day.

Delta last connected Texas with Europe via Frankfurt in 1995, when it operated a hub at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The Austin flight will end a 32-year absence from the market; Delta eventually dismantled its Dallas/Fort Worth hub in the early 2000s.

The route will also be the first nonstop connection between Austin and Paris. Delta will become the only U.S. airline operating nonstop service between Austin and Europe, although foreign carriers already connect the city with destinations across the Atlantic.

Lufthansa links the Texas capital with Frankfurt, KLM serves Amsterdam, and British Airways operates flights to London Heathrow. 

“Austin’s growth continues to create new opportunities for customers, and Delta is proud to grow alongside it,” Joe Esposito, Delta’s chief commercial officer, said in a news release. “Launching Austin’s first nonstop service to Paris is a defining milestone, but it’s just one part of our broader investment in the region.”

Broader Build-Up

The Paris route is part of a larger expansion by Delta in Austin. By summer 2027, the airline expects to serve approximately 30 destinations from the city and operate more than 70 departures on peak days.

Delta will also add daily service between Austin and San Diego on April 12, 2027, using an Airbus A319. On the same date, the airline will increase its Austin-San Jose, California, route to twice daily. The San Jose service is scheduled to launch Oct. 6, 2026.

Delta A320 in Austin
A Delta A320 in Austin (Photo: Shutterstock | lorenzatx)

In addition, the carrier is extending its seasonal Austin-Cancun route to operate year-round.

Delta currently employs more than 900 people in Austin and recently opened a flight attendant base in the city with more than 100 crew members. It operates a Sky Club at Austin-Bergstrom and is planning a second, larger location as part of the airport’s expansion.

The airline also expects to eventually operate from 15 gates in Austin-Bergstrom’s planned Concourse A.

Ryan Ewing

Ryan founded AirlineGeeks.com in February 2013 and has spent more than a decade covering the airline business. His work has been featured by CNN, WJLA, CNET, and Business Insider. His aviation experience spans airport operations, Part 135 regulatory compliance, and airline crew workforce planning, along with time behind the yoke of a Cessna 172 and interviews with airline executives. Ryan now serves as Group President of Firecrown Media’s Aviation Group. He holds a B.S. in Air Transportation Management and an MBA from Arizona State University and teaches Airline Management at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

Breeze Cuts Route to D.C.

Service will end in November, the carrier said.

Breeze A220
A Breeze Airways Airbus A220 aircraft. (Photo: AirlineGeeks | William Derrickson)

Breeze Airways will wind down a domestic short-haul route it launched less than one year ago.

The carrier confirmed to AirlineGeeks that service between Tri-Cities Regional Airport in Blountville, Tennessee, and Washington Dulles will end this fall. Flights are available for booking until Nov. 30, the airline said.

Breeze added Tri-Cities to its route map in December, with flights to Washington Dulles and Orlando, Florida. The connection to Orlando will continue to operate as scheduled.

Tri-Cities Regional Airport serves the Tri-Cities region of northeast Tennessee and southwest Virginia, including Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport.

Breeze did not provide a reason for dropping the connection.

The head of a regional economic development group told the Kingsport Times News that officials are discussing other potential routes with the airline.

Zach Vasile

Zach Vasile is a writer and editor covering news in all aspects of commercial aviation. He has reported for and contributed to the Manchester Journal Inquirer, the Hartford Business Journal, the Charlotte Observer, and the Washington Examiner, with his area of focus being the intersection of business and government policy.

Former Spirit HQ in Florida Sells for $93M

An entity connected to a Boston investment firm placed the winning bid.

American and Spirit aircraft in Orlando, Florida
American and Spirit aircraft in Orlando, Florida (Photo: Shutterstock | VIAVAL TOURS)

Spirit Airlines’ former headquarters in Dania Beach, Florida, will soon have a new owner.

The Miami Herald reported Thursday that DPC HoldCo LLC submitted the winning bid for the property at an auction on Tuesday. The entity, an affiliate of Boston investment firm Hill City Capital, agreed to pay $93.25 million in cash, the newspaper said.

The results of the auction were revealed on Wednesday. The deal will have to be approved by the bankruptcy court overseeing Spirit’s liquidation, and a hearing is scheduled for Aug. 19.

According to the Herald, Spirit’s former HQ consists of four buildings in a shopping area called Dania Pointe. The main building is six stories high and covers about 180,000 square feet. A separate building houses a flight simulator used to train pilots.

Spirit shut down abruptly on May 2 after a last-minute bailout from the federal government failed to materialize. About 17,000 employees lost their jobs, and Dania Beach lost an important taxpayer and driver of local economic activity.

The defunct carrier is now selling off its remaining assets, including aircraft, equipment, real estate, and airport gates.

Zach Vasile

Zach Vasile is a writer and editor covering news in all aspects of commercial aviation. He has reported for and contributed to the Manchester Journal Inquirer, the Hartford Business Journal, the Charlotte Observer, and the Washington Examiner, with his area of focus being the intersection of business and government policy.

Frontier Adds International Route for the Holidays

Flights will start Dec. 17.

Frontier A321neo
A Frontier A321neo. (Photo: AirlineGeeks | William Derrickson)

Frontier will offer a temporary connection between Southern California and Central America this winter, in time for the holiday season.

The carrier confirmed to AirlineGeeks that it will serve Guatemala City from Los Angeles. The route is scheduled to launch Dec. 17 and will operate through early January.

Frontier has not offered an LAX-to-Guatemala City service before.

The airline currently serves Guatemala City from Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, Atlanta, Miami, and Orlando, Florida.

Zach Vasile

Zach Vasile is a writer and editor covering news in all aspects of commercial aviation. He has reported for and contributed to the Manchester Journal Inquirer, the Hartford Business Journal, the Charlotte Observer, and the Washington Examiner, with his area of focus being the intersection of business and government policy.

Air France to Transport Pope Leo During State Visit to France

The carrier will use an Airbus A321 bearing the Vatican’s coat of arms.

An Air France aircraft. (Photo: Air France)

Pope Leo XIV will fly Air France when he visits the carrier’s home country in September.

The airline said it will dedicate an Airbus A321 to carry Leo, his delegation of cardinals, and accredited journalists to locations within France and then back to Rome. The aircraft will have the coat of arms of Vatican City displayed on its fuselage exterior, as well as inside the cabin.

According to Air France, the pope will fly from the Honorary Pavilion at Paris-Orly to Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées Airport in the south of France on Sept. 26; from Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées to Metz-Nancy-Lorraine Airport in the east on Sept. 28; and from Metz-Nancy-Lorraine to Rome-Fiumicino, also on Sept. 28.

Air France did not say how Leo will reach Paris to begin his journey, but he will likely use a chartered aircraft from ITA Airways, the flag carrier of Italy. Popes have generally used ITA for outbound flights since the collapse of former Italian flag carrier Alitalia 2021.

Leo is expected to meet with French President Emanuel Macron while in Paris. He will also give a speech at the headquarters of UNESCO, celebrate Mass at Notre-Dame, and appear at a vigil at Stade de France. Similar large events and meetings will take place in Lourdes and Metz.

Leo’s trip to France will be the first state visit to the country by a reigning pope since Pope Benedict XVI visited in September 2008. Pope Francis traveled to France three times during his papacy, but none were considered an official state visit.

Air France also flew Pope John Paul II in the 1980s and 1990s, most notably during part of his Africa tour in 1989.

Zach Vasile

Zach Vasile is a writer and editor covering news in all aspects of commercial aviation. He has reported for and contributed to the Manchester Journal Inquirer, the Hartford Business Journal, the Charlotte Observer, and the Washington Examiner, with his area of focus being the intersection of business and government policy.

Ryanair to Integrate Google’s AI Platform

The Irish carrier has signed a five-year agreement with Google Cloud.

A Ryanair 737 descends into Milan. (Photo: AirlineGeeks | Fabian Behr)

Ireland’s Ryanair on Wednesday announced a five-year deal with Google Cloud that will give the ultra-low-cost carrier access to Google Workspace and Gemini Enterprise, Google’s artificial intelligence platform.

The tools will be made available to around 35,000 employees across Ryanair’s network.

Airline officials said Gemini Enterprise will be used to help automate decision-making, optimize flight crew logistics, and support corporate productivity.

“Ryanair is on an incredible growth journey to 300 million passengers by 2034,” CEO Eddie Wilson said in a news release. “To support this growth, we need to ensure we have excellent infrastructure resilience, and our new dual-cloud strategy provides this, alongside technology partners that match our speed and relentless focus on efficiency.”

Ryanair is the largest airline in Europe by several metrics. Like other European carriers, it has been stung by higher jet fuel prices and route disruptions stemming from the war in Iran.

Airlines across the world are increasingly turning to AI to streamline operations and build new tech products. Delta, for instance, is in the process of rolling out Delta Concierge, an AI-powered digital assistant within its mobile app.

Zach Vasile

Zach Vasile is a writer and editor covering news in all aspects of commercial aviation. He has reported for and contributed to the Manchester Journal Inquirer, the Hartford Business Journal, the Charlotte Observer, and the Washington Examiner, with his area of focus being the intersection of business and government policy.

American Shakes Up Management to Close ‘Meaningful Gap’

The carrier is facing growing pressure to improve profitability.

American DFW
American aircraft at DFW Airport. (Photo: AirlineGeeks)

American Airlines is reshuffling its senior management team as it looks to close the persistent profitability gap with rivals United and Delta.

In a letter sent to company officers on Monday, CEO Robert Isom announced four additions to the team, and three departures.

Forbes, which obtained a copy of the letter, reported the new additions as Heather Garboden, JC Gulbranson, Caroline Clayton, and Steve Neuman. Executives Kevin Brickner, Ron DeFeo, and Nate Gatten are departing.

“I recognize that there is a meaningful gap between where we are today and where we know American can – and should – be,” Isom wrote. “To close that gap, we must improve performance where it matters most: delivering a better experience for customers, running a more reliable operation, strengthening engagement with our team members, and generating stronger business results.”

Garboden is American’s chief customer officer; Gulbranson is senior vice president of flight operations; Clayton is senior vice president of communications and chief marketing officer; and Neuman is senior vice president of government affairs.

Brickner currently serves as senior vice president of technical operations and will retire after a 30-year career with the airline, according to The Dallas Morning News. Ron DeFeo is departing as the carrier’s chief communications officer, and Gatten as executive vice president of American Eagle, corporate real estate, and government affairs.

According to Forbes, Chief Commercial Officer Nat Pieper will see his area of responsibility expand to include marketing, brand, advertising, and partnerships, and Garboden will report directly to Pieper. Garboden’s role will now include reservations, contact centers, service recovery, and catering.

Gulbranson will handle airports and planning as well as American’s integrated operations center, which remains under the leadership of Chief Operating Officer David Seymour.

Clayton will take over communications and Neuman will lead government affairs and sustainability.

Additionally, Chief Financial Officer Devon May will handle corporate real estate, and Brandon Kahle will lead regional operations, also under Seymour’s remit.

Isom has faced growing pressure from investors and some of American’s work groups to increase profitability. Earlier this year, the carrier’s unionized flight attendants issued a vote of no-confidence in Isom after full-year earnings were released.

Zach Vasile

Zach Vasile is a writer and editor covering news in all aspects of commercial aviation. He has reported for and contributed to the Manchester Journal Inquirer, the Hartford Business Journal, the Charlotte Observer, and the Washington Examiner, with his area of focus being the intersection of business and government policy.

FedEx 777 With Retro Livery Makes Appearance as Memphis Airport Renamed

The airport has been renamed for FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith.

A FedEx 777 in a retro livery. (Photo: Memphis International Airport)

A FedEx Boeing 777 sporting the cargo airline’s vintage livery landed at Memphis International Airport on Tuesday as the hub was officially renamed for the late FedEx founder and chairman Frederick W. Smith.

The aircraft is painted half white and half purple with an orange cheat line and decidedly retro lettering spelling out “Federal Express.”

The airport said that, in keeping with FedEx’s tradition of naming aircraft after team members’ children, the aircraft is named for Smith’s granddaughter, Rosie.

The FedEx 777 in vintage livery, landing at Memphis. (Photo: Memphis International Airport)

Around 200 people, including civic leaders and business executives, gathered at the airport Tuesday as Memphis International Airport was renamed Frederick W. Smith International Airport.

FedEx Express is headquartered in Memphis, and has its “World Hub” at the airport.

Smith died in 2025 at 80.

Members of his family were on hand to receive a resolution announcing the renaming.

“Today, we immortalize a true visionary who reshaped the logistics industry and elevated our city’s footprint on the global stage,” Terry Blue, president and CEO of Memphis Shelby County Airport Authority, said in a statement. “As passengers travel through Frederick W. Smith International Airport, we want them to be reminded of the relentless drive, innovation, and community spirit that Fred Smith championed throughout his life.”

A close-up of the nose of the 777. (Photo: Memphis International Airport)

While the renaming takes effect immediately, physical and technical rebranding of the airport will be carried out in phases. This includes updates to the facility’s interior and exterior signage.

The airport’s three-letter IATA code, MEM, will not change, officials said.

Zach Vasile

Zach Vasile is a writer and editor covering news in all aspects of commercial aviation. He has reported for and contributed to the Manchester Journal Inquirer, the Hartford Business Journal, the Charlotte Observer, and the Washington Examiner, with his area of focus being the intersection of business and government policy.
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